English Grammar

 Parts of Speech

• Noun: A person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., dog, house, love, happiness)
• Pronoun: Replaces a noun (e.g., he, she, it, they)
• Adjective: Describes a noun or pronoun (e.g., big, small, happy, sad)
• Verb: Expresses an action or state of being (e.g., run, jump, think, be)
• Adverb: Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb (e.g., quickly, slowly, very, extremely)
• Preposition: Shows the relationship between words (e.g., in, on, at, with)
• Conjunction: Joins words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or, because)
• Interjection: Expresses strong emotion (e.g., Wow!, Oh!, Hey!)

Sentence Structure

• Subject: The person or thing doing the action
• Predicate: The part of the sentence that tells what the subject does
• Clause: A group of words with a subject and a verb
• Phrase: A group of words that functions as a single part of speech

Verb Tense

• Present Tense: Expresses actions happening now (e.g., I eat an apple.)
• Past Tense: Expresses actions that happened in the past (e.g., I ate an apple yesterday.)
• Future Tense: Expresses actions that will happen in the future (e.g., I will eat an apple tomorrow.)
• Present Perfect Tense: Expresses actions that started in the past and continue to the present or have recently finished (e.g., I have eaten an apple.)
• Past Perfect Tense: Expresses actions that were completed before a specific time in the past (e.g., I had eaten an apple before I went to school.)
• Future Perfect Tense: Expresses actions that will be completed by a specific time in the future (e.g., I will have eaten an apple by the time you arrive.)

Other Important Terms

• Subject-Verb Agreement: The subject and verb must agree in number (singular or plural).
• Active Voice: The subject performs the action.
• Passive Voice: The subject receives the action.
• Direct Object: Receives the action of the verb.
• Indirect Object: Receives the direct object.
• Sentence Fragment: An incomplete sentence.
• Run-on Sentence: Two or more independent clauses joined incorrectly.
• Comma Splice: Two independent clauses joined by a comma without a coordinating conjunction.

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